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About the Social Determinants of Health
Social determinants of health (SDOH) are the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks, as per Healthy People 2030.[1] SDOH often drive health inequities, leading to health disparities in and among already vulnerable populations and communities. SDOH are not siloed variables operating independently of each other. Instead, they often converge to impact overall health outcomes. Health disparities can be exacerbated by the unmet socio-economic needs within historically underserved and marginalized populations. Hard-to-reach populations grapple with many complex issues and barriers to care that HIV service providers and other stakeholders must consider to engage with clients, provide services effectively, close the equity gap, and reach EHE goals.
For all EHE priority areas and all U.S. States, AHEAD displays seven social determinants of health that are closely aligned with EHE indicators, Healthy People 2030 objectives, and the National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan (NHAS) objectives.
Poverty
Poverty data (percent of civilian labor force, 16 years and over, that is below the poverty level), are sourced from the Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE), American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year estimates.
Poverty status is defined by family; either everyone in the family is in poverty or no one in the family is in poverty. The characteristics of the family used to determine the poverty threshold are: number of people, number of related children under 18, and whether or not the primary householder is over age 65. Family income is then compared to the poverty threshold; if that family's income is below that threshold, the family is in poverty. [6]
Employment
Employment data (unemployment rate) are sourced from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The unemployment rate represents the U-3 unemployment rate. These rates are 1-year annual averages.
The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. [2]
Unemployed persons (Current Population Survey) as per the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics is Persons aged 16 years and older who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed. [2]
Uninsured
Health insurance coverage data (percent of the civilian noninstitutionalized population that is uninsured) are sourced from the U.S. Census, American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year estimates. People who had no reported health coverage, or those whose only health coverage was Indian Health Service, were considered uninsured. For reporting purposes, the Census Bureau broadly classifies health insurance coverage as private health insurance or public coverage.
Health insurance coverage in the ACS and other Census Bureau surveys define coverage to include plans and programs that provide comprehensive health coverage. Plans that provide insurance only for specific conditions or situations such as cancer and long-term care policies are not considered comprehensive health coverage. Likewise, other types of insurance like dental, vision, life, and disability insurance are not considered comprehensive health insurance coverage. [7]
Respondents were instructed to report their coverage of the following:
- Insurance through a current or former employer or union (of this person or another family member)
- Insurance purchased directly from an insurance company (by this person or another family member)
- Medicare, for people 65 and older, or people with certain disabilities
- Medicaid, Medical Assistance, or any kind of government-assistance plan for those with low incomes or a disability
- TRICARE or other military health care
- VA (enrolled for VA health care)
- Indian Health Service
- Any other type of health insurance or health coverage plan [7]
Incomplete Education
The "incomplete education" data represents individuals 25 and older who did not complete high school (or its equivalent) or higher. This rate is calculated from a combination of the “less than 9th grade” and “9th to 12th grade, no diploma” categories sourced from the U.S. Census, American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year estimates.
Income Inequality
Gini coefficient of income inequality (estimated Gini coefficient) are sourced from the U.S. Census, American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year estimates.
Income inequality is the extent to which income is distributed unevenly among a population. [9]
The Gini is a measure of how much a distribution varies from a proportionate distribution. A purely proportionate distribution would have every value in the distribution being equal (that is 20% of the values would equal 20% of the aggregate total of all the values). This also is known as “perfect equality” – all households have an equal share of income. An example of a distribution that deviates the most from perfect equality would have every value except one equal to zero, and one value that would be equal to the nonzero aggregate total for all the values. This also is known as “perfect inequality” – one household has all income. [8]
The Gini ranges from zero (perfect equality) to one (perfect inequality), and it is calculated by measuring the difference between a diagonal line (the purely proportionate distribution) and the distribution of actual values (a Lorenz curve). This measure is presented for household income. [8]
Unstable Housing or Homelessness
Housing Instability or Homelessness among persons living with HIV data are sourced from CDC’s Medical Monitoring Project and are only available at the national level.
Unstable housing or homelessness is defined as experiencing unstable housing (i.e., moving in with others due to financial issues, moving 2 or more times, or being evicted at any time) or homelessness (i.e., living on the street, in a shelter, in a single-room–occupancy hotel, or in a car at any time) during the past 12 months. [10]
HIV Stigma
HIV stigma among persons living with HIV data are sourced from CDC’s Medical Monitoring Project and are only available at the national level.
HIV stigma is negative attitudes and beliefs about people with HIV. It is the prejudice that comes with labeling an individual as part of a group that is believed to be socially unacceptable. [10]
Defined as a median score on a 10-item scale ranging from 0 (no stigma) to 100 (high stigma) that measures 4 dimensions of HIV stigma: personalized stigma during the past 12 months, current disclosure concerns, current negative self-image, and current perceived public attitudes about people living with HIV. [10]
Data Sources
Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) seeks to reduce the number of new HIV infections in the United States by 75 percent by 2025, and then by at least 90 percent by 2030, for an estimated 250,000 total HIV infections averted. AHEAD is paid for by EHE.
This is an official U.S. Government website managed by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services and supported by the Minority HIV/AIDS Fund.
2022 @ America's HIV Epidemic Analysis Dashboard (AHEAD) - Paid for by Ending the HIV Epidemic.